The Columbia River is a master stream of North America, originating in ice fields on the Continental Divide in Canada and eventually combining with rivers that flow through six American states. The river system helps define the Pacific Northwest; it powers our economy and provides irrigation to grow the crops which feed us. We recreate in its waters and canyons and draw inspiration from its beauty.
The Braided River division of Mountaineers Books is fresh out with a beautiful and definitive work, “Big River: Resilience and Renewal in the Columbia Basin.” It celebrates the river, offering a photographic feast for the eyes, capsule biographies of river folk plus serious discussion of restoring natural features of the river system. Its authors David Moscowitz and Eileen Delehanty Pearkes write with eloquence and deep knowledge.
The Columbia Basin is a landform sculpted by nature and transformed by man. During the last ice age, a 3,000 square mile inland sea, Lake Missoula, formed behind a half mile high ice dam. The great floods at the breaching of the dam unleashed “intense creative forces of movement and change,” writes Moskowitz. The floodwaters sculpted the inland Northwest canyonlands used 15,000 years later by today’s rafters and kayakers.
A 1964 ceremony at the Peace Arch marked an acceleration of human sculpting of the Big River. President Lyndon Johnson and Canadian Prime Minister Lester Pearson signed the Columbia River Treaty under which upstream dams would store water for downstream power generation. Rushing waters would give way to slack water.
The Columbia is today a working river. Some fourteen dams back up waters of the main river, with thirteen obstructing its principal tributary, the Snake River (or “the river on the Snake” as presidential candidate George Bush called it).
The greatest project came earlier. Grand Coulee Dam made an arid desert bloom with the 679,000-acre Columbia Irrigation Project. Downstream dams made Lewiston, Idaho, the farthest inland seaport on the continent.
The kilowatts came at a high cost, decimation of the river’s once great salmon fishery.
Built without fish leaders, Grand Coulee blocked upstream migration on the Columbia River while Hells Canyon Dam did likewise on the Snake River. Ecosystems were destroyed along the rivers. Cello Falls and Kettle Falls, renowned Native American fishing locales, were inundated. The two lovely Arrow Lakes in British Columbia were transformed, by the Keenleyside Dam, into a single 230-kilometer-long reservoir.
Between Bonneville Dam and the Canadian border, a single forty-mile stretch of undammed river remains. One side of the Hanford Reach is managed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. The other side holds the largest volume of nuclear waste in North America, the legacy of plutonium production for nuclear weapons production. The river’s largest remaining wild salmon run makes its home in the Hanford Reach.
The book focuses on the human ecology of the Big River and its tributary streams. It profiles the Native American and Aboriginal First Nations peoples, their languages and cultures. An assortment of river residents describe their lives and love for their ranches, orchards and — downstream — their endangered fishery.
The book also focuses on remote places, such as the dry, gorgeous Owyhee River country of Idaho and eastern Oregon.
Of human impacts on natural systems, the authors write:
“Everywhere in the watershed there used to be more — more salmon, more bears, more old growth forests, bigger glaciers, more language speakers.”
Chinook salmon must migrate through eight dams on their epic seven hundred-mile journey from the Pacific Ocean to Redfish Lake in Idaho’s Sawtooth Mountains. In the upstream migration, the salmon pass through the deepest canyon in North America.
Moscowitz navigates endangered places as well as endangered salmon.
The Pacific Northwest’s temperate rainforests, especially in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, are being logged at an alarming rate.
Yet, as the authors explain, there is hope for restoration of Big River’s natural systems and wild creatures. They commend tribal successes in rebuilding a sockeye salmon fishery in the Okanagan Lakes country just over the border in British Columbia. They celebrate action by tribes in creating preserves to nurture and protect buffalo herds.
The book’s photography records the vast diversity of wild creatures sustained by the Columbia River system. A mother grizzly bear and cubs are pictured on a riverbank. A wolverine appears in the North Cascades. A sage grouse primps on a grassland. A family of otters feed on a mountain sucker fish. Mountain goats navigate a steep mountainside.
High desert habitat is pictured on one page of the book while vast wetlands decorate the next. We learn of the importance of the whitebark pine — its fatty cones are a prime food source for critters — and that the species is endangered by climate change.
“Big River” ends at the treacherous, stormy mouth of a stream that lights, irrigates and inspires the Pacific Northwest. Its waters have traveled around and through the Purcell, Selkirk, Monashee and Cascade Mountains. The river “shoots an enormous amount of water” into the Pacific, the authors explain, whereupon it is “swept up and carried back inland to begin as rain and snow.”
